Essay on Kant, and Causal Laws Analysis Essay Example For Students

Exposition on Kant, and Causal Laws Analysis Essay In the Second Analogy, Kant likewise clarifies what makes it conceivable to derive the target progression from the emotional progression. He contends that target progression must remain under a causal principle. The emotional request of recognitions is consistently progressive, however we can't quickly induce target progression from the abstract progression. To make this deduction conceivable the articles states must be dependent upon a standard that decides them as progressive. Kant makes reference to this prerequisite in the accompanying section. â€Å"must thusly comprise in the request for the complex of appearance in understanding with which the misgiving of a certain something (that which occurs) follows that of the other (which goes before it) as per a standard. No one but along these lines would i be able to be legitimized in saying of the appearance itself, and not just of my fear, that a grouping is to be experienced in it.† (A193/B238) At that point, he portrays this standard as something that consistently and fundamentally follows. Likewise, this standard must make the progress from an offered opportunity to the determinately tailing one potential, and essentially relate each observation to something different as a rule that goes before. As needs be, the progressive conditions of an article must incorporate a connection of condition to adapted, for example , that of the causal reliance of progressive states on a cause6; thusly, the standard is a causal guideline. Kant clarifies the contention for the case that we can know about target progression if the progressive conditions of the item remains under a causal guideline in the accompanying entry. â€Å"In understanding with such a standard there must in this manner lie in that which by and large goes before an event the condition for a standard, as per which this event consistently and . .. David Hume. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Lewis White Beck (1978). Expositions on Kant and Hume. Yale University Press. Arthur Melnick (1973). Kants Analogies of Experience. Chicago,University of Chicago Press. Gerd Buchdahl (1969). Power and the Philosophy of Science. Oxford, Basil Blackwell. Graham Bird (1973). Kants Theory of Knowledge. New York, Humanities Press. Henry E. Allison (2004). Kants Transcendental Idealism. Yale University Press. Henry E. Allison (1981). Supernatural Schematism and The Problem of the Synthetic A Priori. Dialectica 35 (1):57-83. Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena and otherworldly establishments of characteristic science. Immanuel Kant (2007). Investigate of unadulterated explanation. In Elizabeth Schmidt Radcliffe, Richard McCarty, Fritz Allhoff Anand Vaidya (eds.), Late Modern Philosophy: Essential Readings with Commentary. Blackwell Pub. Ltd..

Gender Equality Essay

Regardless of the nation and the way of life individuals live in, it is close to difficult to keep the topic of sex fairness covered up in the advanced society. At the point when the word sexual orientation balance was voiced in the nineteenth century what was been looked for was political rights. Then as well as today imbalance among people has been apparent in our general public. Oppression ladies is a demonstration that has had a ton of negative effect in our general public and to the ladies themselves. This has been shown through sex brutality, financial separation, conceptive wellbeing imbalances and destructive conventional practices. It is a worry to the entire world to a state of making the governmental policy regarding minorities in society to fix this issue. Sex correspondence above all else is a human right; ladies are qualified for live in nobility and in opportunity from dread and need (Tomasevski, 1993). Should people be equivalent in the cutting edge society? People are equivalent; just that ladies are survivors of degenerate social advancement. Sexual orientation separation among people prompts inconsistent access to the assets and advantages of advancement. see more:gender segregation short paper Sexual orientation disparity influences all individuals; supportable gains being developed and destitution decrease are just conceivable when people are full and equivalent members in the public eye. People are unique yet they are equivalent in that whatever men can do their ladies partners can do it well. People are equivalent what brings the separation is the socialization that people get. The idea that ladies are frail has denied numerous ladies with the capacity to abuse the capacities they have (Tierney, 2007). People are equivalent in such a large number of viewpoints and ought to be equivalent. Strategically, monetarily and scholastically no much contrast that can be noted, it is immaterial. In the political domains there are ladies who are doing extemporal well. Taking the case of the simply closed US political decision Hillary Clinton had great help and movements that would be purchased by the remainder of the competitors. In the realm of business we have Oprah Winfrey; a marker of what ladies can do. She is contending among the men in that field and still her prosperity is a danger to many. In the cutting edge society ladies have been known to take obligations of raising the families. Ladies have come up so well in that their reliance level is going down despite the fact that they are separated in pay rates. This is a proof enough that if ladies are given equivalent open door with men they can do a lot of well. In the business segment ladies are accepting those open doors which were believed to be for men (Kramarae and Spender, 2000). Ladies are directors of huge organizations and furthermore proprietors similarly as men. They are additionally all around spoke to in the administration segments and in the legislature. They have become vocation creators. Men have the activity of sharing the family unit obligations. It is a typical event that couples can pick whether it is the lady or the man who will get a leave to deal with their new borne infant. People are equivalent according to the law; they are oppressed under a similar law. Ladies are equivalent to men in all viewpoints subsequently in the cutting edge society they ought to get the privilege to essential needs, instruction, work preparing and work as men do. Engaging ladies is an incredible apparatus for lessening neediness and propelling turn of events. Engaged ladies add to efficiency and wellbeing in the families and networks and consequently improved possibilities for the people to come (Cross, 2001). The possibility that men are more grounded truly is only an inclination of a couple. In the event that ladies are given comparative open doors as men they can perform similarly well. Disavowal of chance has added to diminished execution of ladies in different zones. Then again the two ladies and men ought not overlook their jobs however sharing of duties is flourishing in the cutting edge society. References: Cross, P. L. (2001): Women’s Rights are Human Rights; Human Rights are Women’s Rights. Recovered on 29th Dec, 2008 from: http://www. pinn. net/~sunshine/articles/w_rights. html Kramarae, C. , Spender D, (2000): Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women’s Issues and Knowledge. ISBN 0415920906, 9780415920902, Routledge Tierney, J. (2007): Men and Women, Different yet Equal: What’s the Problem? Recovered on 29th Dec, 2008 from: http://tierneylab. web journals. nytimes. com/2007/09/09/people unique however equivalent whats-the-issue/Tomasevski, K. , (1993). Ladies and Human Rights. ISBN 185649120X, 9781856491204, Zed Books

An Overview of Internet Addiction

An Overview of Internet Addiction More in Addiction Addictive Behaviors Internet Caffeine Shopping Sex Alcohol Use Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In This Article Table of Contents Expand Top 5 Things to Know Symptoms Internet Addiction in Kids What to Do If You're Addicted Internet addiction is a behavioral addiction in which a person becomes dependent on use of the Internet, or other online devices, as a maladaptive way of coping with lifes stresses.?? Internet addiction is becoming widely recognized and acknowledged, particularly in countries where it is affecting large numbers of people, such as South Korea, where it has been declared a national health problem.?? Much of the current research on the subject of Internet addiction has been carried out in Asia. It is also a growing concern in developed nations in North America and Europe. Top 5 Things to Know About Internet Addiction Internet addiction is not yet an officially recognized mental disorder. Researchers have formulated diagnostic criteria for Internet addiction, but it is not included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).?? However, Internet gaming disorder is included as a condition for further study, and Internet addiction is developing as a specialist area.At least three subtypes of Internet addiction have been identified: video game addiction, cybersex or online sex addiction, and online gambling addiction.??Increasingly, addiction to mobile devices, such as cellphones and smartphones, and addiction to social networking sites, such as Facebook, are being investigated. There may be overlaps between each of these sub-types. For example, online gambling involves online games, and online games may have elements of pornography.Sexting, or sending sexually explicit texts, has landed many people in trouble. Some have been teens who have found themselves in hot water with child pornography charges if they are underage.??Treatment for Internet addiction is available, but only a few specialized Internet addiction services exist. However, a psychologist with knowledge of addiction treatment will probably be able to help. Symptoms As Internet addiction is not formally recognized as an addictive disorder, it may be difficult to get a diagnosis. However, several leading experts in the field of behavioral addiction have contributed to the current knowledge of symptoms of Internet addiction. All types of Internet addiction contain the following four components: Excessive Use of the Internet Despite the agreement that excessive Internet use is a key symptom, no one seems able to define exactly how much computer time counts as excessive. While guidelines suggest no more than two hours of screen time per day, this is unrealistic for people who use computers for work or study. Some authors add the caveat “for non-essential use,” but for an Internet addict, all computer use can feel essential. Here are some questions from Internet addiction assessment instruments that will help you to evaluate how much is too much.?? How often do you: stay online longer than you intended?hear other people in your life complain about how much time you spend online?say or think, “Just a few more minutes” when online?try and fail to cut down on how much time you spend online?hide how long you’ve been online? If any of these situations are coming up on a daily basis, you may be addicted to the Internet. Withdrawal Although originally understood to be the basis of physical dependence on alcohol or drugs, withdrawal symptoms are now being recognized in behavioral addictions, including Internet addiction. Common Internet withdrawal symptoms include anger, tension, and depression when Internet access is not available.?? These symptoms may be perceived as boredom, joylessness, moodiness, nervousness, and irritability when you can’t go on the computer. Tolerance Tolerance is another hallmark of alcohol and drug addiction  and seems to be applicable to Internet addiction as well.?? This can be understood as wantingâ€"and from the users point of view, needingâ€"more and more computer-related stimulation. It can take several forms. You might just want more time on the computer, so it gradually takes over everything you do. Or you might want more technologyâ€"bigger, better or the latest software, hardware or gadgets. Either way, the quest for more is a predominant theme in your thought processes and planning. Negative Repercussions If Internet addiction caused no harm, there would be no problem. But when excessive computer use becomes addictive, something starts to suffer. One negative effect of internet addiction is that you may not have any real personal relationships, or the ones you do have may be neglected or suffer arguments over your Internet use. Online affairs can develop quickly and easily, sometimes without the person even believing online infidelity is cheating on their partner.?? You may see your grades and other achievements suffer from so much of your attention being devoted to Internet use. You may also have little energy for anything other than computer useâ€"Internet addicts are often exhausted from staying up too late on the computer and becoming sleep deprived. Finances can also suffer, particularly if your weakness is for online gambling, online shopping or cybersex.?? How to Deal With Phone Addiction Internet Addiction in Kids Internet addiction is particularly concerning for kids and teens. Children lack the knowledge and awareness to properly manage their own computer use and have no idea about the potential harms that the Internet can open them up to. The majority of kids have access to a computer, and it has become commonplace for kids and teens to carry cellphones. While this may reassure parents that they can have two-way contact with their child in an emergency, there are very real risks that this constant access to the Internet can expose them to. Children have become increasingly exposed to lengthy periods of time connected to the Internet, disconnecting them from the world around them.When online, they have an increased risk of involvement in cyberbullying, both as a victim and as a perpetrator.There is also an increased risk that they will use their cellphone for cybersex, particularly through sexting,?? and accessing apps which could potentially increase the risk of sex addiction and online sexual harms, such as Tinder. In addition, kids are increasingly exposed to peer pressure through their cellphones and may spend extended periods of time playing online games, making them vulnerable to developing video game addiction.?? This can be disruptive to the development of healthy social relationships and can lead to isolation and victimization. Children and teens are advised to have no more than two hours of screen time per day. What to Do If Youre Addicted to the Internet If you recognize the symptoms of Internet addiction in yourself or someone in your care, talk to your doctor about getting help. As well as being able to provide referrals to Internet addiction clinics, psychologists, and other therapists, your doctor can prescribe medications or therapy to treat an underlying problem if you have one, such as depression or social anxiety disorder. Internet addiction can also overlap with other behavioral addictions, such as work addiction, television addiction, and smartphone addiction.?? A Word From Verywell Internet addiction can have devastating effects on individuals, families, and particularly growing children and teens. Getting help may be challenging but can make a huge difference in your quality of life. Are Behavioral Addictions Real?

On First Looking Into Chapmans Homer(C.a) - 1169 Words

------------------------------------------------- From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ------------------------------------------------- On First Looking into Chapman s Homer Much have I travell d in the realms of gold, And many goodly states and kingdoms seen; Round many western islands have I been Which bards in fealty to Apollo hold. Oft of one wide expanse had I been told That deep-browed Homer ruled as his demesne; Yet did I never breathe its pure serene Till I heard Chapman speak out loud and bold: Then felt I like some watcher of the skies When a new planet swims into his ken; Or like stout Cortez when with eagle eyes He star d at the Pacific — and all his men Look d at each other with a wild surmise — Silent, upon a peak in†¦show more content†¦As soon as he beheld the South Sea stretching in endless prospect below him, he fell on his knees, and lifting up his hands to Heaven, returned thanks to God, who had conducted him to a discovery so beneficial to his country, and so honourable to himself. His followers, observing his transports of joy, rushed forward to join in his wonder, exultation, and gratitude (Vol. III). John Keats simply remembered the image, rather than the actual historical facts. Charles Clarke noticed the error immediately, but Keats chose to leave it in, presumably because historical accuracy would have necessitated an unwanted extra syllable in the line. In retrospect, Homer s pure serene has prepared the reader for the Pacific, and so the analogy now expressed in the simile that identifies the wide expanse of Homer s demesne with the vast Pacific, which stuns its discoverers into silence, is felt to be the more just. Keats altered wondr ing eyes (in the original manuscript) to eagle eyes, and Yet could I never judge what Men could mean (which was the seventh line even in the first publication in The Examiner) to Yet did I never breathe its pure serene. ------------------------------------------------- Structure This poem is a Petrarchan sonnet, or can be known as an Italian sonnet, divided into an octave and a sestet, with a rhyme scheme of a-b-b-a-a-b-b-a-c-d-c-d-c-d. After the main idea

MODERNIZATION AND DEPENDENCY THEORY Essay - 2404 Words

Modernization and Dependency Theory A clear and advanced look at the two theories leaves one with the assumption that they are related and therefore they can be discussed together. This is attributed to the fact that they both argue from the same point of development and that development of a nation can only be reached at by ensuring the acquisition of new techniques. In addition a country on its own cannot acquire the advanced techniques but through the interaction process with other countries. In terms of modernity, Anthony Giddens compares it to riding on a board a huge juggernaut (Potter 2002, p. 63). This brings with it consequences in the sense that those who resist the juggernaut are crushed. However, this maybe†¦show more content†¦Those eager to try out new methods of modernity should not assume the fact that it is always safe to try out new skills but should be prepared to accept the risks that come with it. It is all about trust, risk, opportunity and the dangers that accompany every sphere of modern life. We can only manage the stages of modernity but can never fully control them. Whenever we try to reduce the risks, new risks come up. An example is the daily studies that are undertaken on the ill health yet we still have high mortality rates being experienced in the world (Armstrong Zegher 2006, p. 17). Modernity can therefore be well understood from a view of several institutions. One of them is capitalism where there is commodity production that involves competitive productive markets, labour power and private ownership of property. Industrialism involves use of inanimate power sources and machinery to produce goods. This affects several sectors including transport, communication and everyday life. As a result there is creation of new employment and growth of several services. In surveillance, there is supervision of subject population where workers are monitored when undertaking their duties to ensure that there is a smooth flow of act ivities in the work place. Modernity does not necessarily involve the execution of positive skills but also negative them including the armament process. This is done to ensure thatShow MoreRelatedunethical advertising14492 Words   |  58 Pagescommercial media. For their part, advertisers naturally seek to reach audiences and the media, striving to deliver audiences to advertisers, must shape their content so to attract audiences of the size and demographic composition sought. This economic dependency of media and the power it confers upon advertisers carries with it serious responsibilities for both. ADVERTISING CODE OF ETHICS BASIC PRINCIPLES 1. All advertisements must comply with the laws of New Zealand. 2. No advertisement should impairRead MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 PagesSTUDIES A summary of the case analysis I N T R O D U C T I O N Preparing an effective case analysis: The full story Hearing with the aid of implanted technology: The case of Cochlearâ„ ¢ – an Australian C A S E O N E high-technology leader Delta Faucet: Global entrepreneurship in an emerging market C A S E T W O DaimlerChrysler: Corporate governance dynamics in a global company C A S E T H R E E Gunns and the greens: Governance issues in Tasmania C A S E F O U R Succeeding in the Sydney indie musicRead MoreProject Management15109 Words   |  61 Pagesactivities. Eg. IRDP Projects may stand-alone or be integrated a. Identification of the poor into a program, with several projects b. Knowing their choice contributing to one overall goal. c. Arranging bank assets A unique, one-time operational activity or d. Follow up / advisory activities effort e. Evaluation Requires the completion of a large number 2. Each activity is time found of interrelated activities 3. Each and every projec t should have a set of objectives to Established to achieve specific objectiveRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 PagesREFORMS TITLE II—PROTECTIONS AND STANDARDS FOR QUALIFIED HEALTH BENEFITS PLANS Subtitle A—General Standards Subtitle B—Standards Guaranteeing Access to Affordable Coverage Subtitle C—Standards Guaranteeing Access to Essential Benefits Subtitle D—Additional Consumer Protections Subtitle E—Governance Subtitle F—Relation to Other Requirements; Miscellaneous TITLE III—HEALTH INSURANCE EXCHANGE AND RELATED PROVISIONS Subtitle A—Health Insurance Exchange Subtitle B—Public Health Insurance Option

Jealousy and Othello Free Essays

How does shakespeare explore the theme of authority in ‘Othello’? In the play Othello, Shakespeare explores through the theme of authority. He presents different types of authority such as racial, military, political, sexist, emotional and deception. Shakespeare uses techniques such as characterisation, symbolism, contrast, repetition, dramatic irony and pronouns to help portray the theme of authority. We will write a custom essay sample on Jealousy and Othello or any similar topic only for you Order Now Shakespeare uses characterisation to develop the characters to help express authority in Othello. Othello is seen as the protagonist and tragic hero of the play. He is described as an eloquent and physically powerful figure at the beginning of the play. He uses his experience of fighting in the battlefields to woo Desdemona and to gain her love. â€Å"She loved me for the dangers I had passed, and I loved her that she did pity them. † From this Othello gains authority over Desdemona as she loves him. He is depicted as a general who is of military authority over the armies of Venice, but also as a moor in the eyes of Iago, Brabantio and Roderigo because of his racial colour. Your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs. † In spite of his military status, he possesses a free and open nature which Iago uses to his advantage to twist Othello’s love for Desdemona, which turns his love into an uncontrollable and insane jealousy. Due to Iago’s manipulation Othello becomes obsessive and compulsive which adds fire to the jealousy within Oth ello. Shakespeare portrays Iago as a manipulative and evil person. He is seen as the antagonist of the play. Envy of Cassio, jealousy of Othello’s possession of Desdemona, jealous fear that both Othello and Cassio may have cuckolded him and the incessant desire for money and power is what fuels Iago’s motivations and leads to Iago’s destructive actions. Iago like Othello is motivated by the same envy and jealousy that arouses murderous hatred. Iago’s desire for power leads Iago to manipulate and destroy other’s reputation to gain his own. Iago is highly skilled with words and uses language to gain his power. One such situation is when Iago convinces Cassio to drink to get him drunk which leads to Cassio losing his position as lieutenant which is then given to Iago. Iago uses people’s weaknesses and strengths to control his victims. This creates a sense of authority over them as he can easily manipulate them to do what he wants and to get what he wants. The women in Othello are characterised to have little to no power or authority against the males. This shows a sexiest view of authority. Though Desdemona is the senators daughter and starts off as a strong and independent woman defying her father, near the end she is seen as weak and unfaithful and also as a push over as she easily forgives Othello for everything he has done therefore showing that Desdemona has little power in her relationship with Othello. Emilia is portrayed as a cynical and worldly woman. Emilia is deeply attached to her mistress, Desdemona, though she tries to grab her husband, Iago’s attention and affections by stealing Desdemona’s handkerchief and giving it to Iago. In the end though Emilia goes up against Iago she is killed for it. Bianca, is a represented as a prostitute who doesn’t have any power or authority and is abused by Cassio as he doesn’t respect her and uses her as a sex toy. The handkerchief plays a very important role in Othello. It symbolises different things to the different characters. For Desdemona the handkerchief is a symbol of Othello’s love and for Othello it symbolises marital fidelity as it was his mother’s and used it to keep his father faithful to her. By losing the handkerchief and lying about it, Othello sees it as a sign of infidelity and thinks that Desdemona is cheating on him. For Iago, he sees it as an opportunity to use the handkerchief to beguile Othello into believing that Desdemona is unfaithful to him and cheating on him with Cassio who Iago uses as a part of his plan to confirm Othello’s uncertainties of Desdemona’s infidelity which drives Othello insane with jealousy. The handkerchief is a symbol of fidelity and trust which Iago manipulates to gain power over Othello. Dramatic irony is shown throughout the play. Iago is the main source of dramatic irony for his cunning ways. Iago is depicted as having two faces, one that is for show which is as a loyal soldier and trusting friend while the other as an evil and sinful man which only the audience knows until the end of the play. Iago’s loyalty as a soldier and as a friend is contrasted sharply to his true intention which is to destroy the lives Othello, Cassio and, Roderigo as a bonus, to gain power and money. Such irony includes Othello’s trust in Iago, as Othello listens to Iago and does what he says, giving Iago power over him, though the audience knows his true intensions which is to destroy his life and everyone he loves. Cassio is also a victim to manipulation. Iago uses persuasive language to get Cassio drunk which leads Cassio into getting into fight with Roderigo, who Iago also has power over, to get Cassio stripped of his status as lieutenant which goes to Iago. Though Cassio thinks of Iago as a friend who wants to celebrate with him, he is just another civilian towards his plan to gain power. The use of repetition is mainly used by Iago which is used to emphasis and brainwash his victims. â€Å"Put money in thy purse†, is repeatedly said to hypnotise Roderigo into believing that Iago will help him get Desdemona for the price of all his money, but of course this is dramatic irony as the audience knows he is being used by Iago, creating a strong authority over Roderigo. Iago has Roderigo so mesmerised that he convinces him to kill Cassio, as Iago has made him believe that Cassio was also after Desdemona’s affections and was competition that had to be eliminated. â€Å"Villainy†, is repeatedly said by Emilia to emphasis the murder of an innocent lady and to create guilt inside of Othello’s conscience. Shakespeare conjures an Elizabeth racial stereotype which creates a racial authority. Elizabethans were very sensitive to the use of the pronouns such as ‘you’ and ‘thee’, which sent clear social signals. Even though Othello is of high authority, he is not treated with the same respect as the white people because of his racial colour. People such as Iago use ‘thou’ and ‘thee’ towards Othello and ‘you’ and ‘your’ towards Brabantio. This shows that Iago acknowledges Othello as a superior but has no respect for him as he calls him by ‘thee’ which implies contempt. The use of pronouns such as ‘you’ is more formal and distant, suggesting respect for a superior. â€Å"An old black ram is tupping your white ewe†, is a racist comment used to describe Othello. Because of the white dominated race in Cyprus, black people such as Othello do not get the same respect as one should get. In conclusion, Shakespeare has expressed many views of authority in Othello. The use of techniques and structure has helped develop the theme of authority. One of Shakespeare’s messages of authority in the play is that jealousy can be destructive and powerful and can lead people to do unmentionable deeds. It can lead us into compulsion and obsession and destroy the person that we are. How to cite Jealousy and Othello, Papers

Causes of the Renaissance Essay Example For Students

Causes of the Renaissance Essay The causes of European the Renaissance are many, each very important. However, there are three which are the most significant: The rise of cities, an increase in public education, and the realization of the corruption of the church, which at that time dominated society. These causes were linked in many ways. Cities began to become larger and a more popular place to live in the early fourteenth century. People, namely surfs, began moving out of the manors and in to the cities. Cities allowed and supported people who were good at a certain craft to pursue that craft and teach it to others, this lead to the formation of guilds. Guilds are a present day equivalent to monopolies. Guilds were a group of people who shared a common skill and provided support for one another. Then, in the late fourteenth century, the Black Death swept through Europe killing a third of its population. Most of the loss of life occurred in cities because the people were packed close together making the disease easy to spread. Cities became almost uninhabited for two or three generations, after which the cities regained their former size. Cities were reborn from the roman and Greek times. Cities allowed for trade which lead to middle class composed of merchants and craftsmen. People learned skills and traded ideas from one another, cities allowed people to interact. Soon schools began to be made in the cities for the education of the people who could afford it. Education was a major cause for the European renaissance, especially in the Italian city-states. Education was generally common among men who dealt with commerce or a specific craft. Education began around the age of seven and lasted about three to four years, after which the child would become an apprentice to a person already skilled in the craft. Although the church was still very important, these people began to rely less on the church for guidance. People, especially those in the Italian city- states, became more materialistic and began focusing more on this world rather than just on the next. From this educated class came the humanists. Humanists were a group of educated people who were, painfully aware of the corruption of the church and the plight of society. Education made people think as individuals, leading to advances in technologies and a favor for art and music. Education led to the decline of the church which was another major cause to the renaissance. The Great Schism began the first questioning of the holiness and perfection of the church which everyone followed. Eventually the humanist discovered the corruption of the church which was exemplified through indulgence. Indulgence is when one pays to have his sins forgiven by the supposedly holy priest. Corruption was also exemplified, according to Erasmus, by the way people became popes. Erasmus said that potential popes fought violently often with an assassination of the competitor for the papacy. He also said that the papacy could be bought. People soon realized this and stopped fallowing the church blindly; they began doing wings on their own. People acted on new found reason and not dogma as in the progress. Although all three of these causes are very important to the European renaissance, the rebirth of cities seems to be the most important. Without cities people would not be able to exchange skills and ideas, and there could be no effective middle class, because of the lack of trade. Cities also allowed the other two causes to take place, without cities public education would be very low, and without the exchange of ideas people would have never realized the corruption of the church.