The Relationship Between Philosophy And Theology - 1433 Words

Today, philosophy and theology are put at odds by some members of society, those who think that faith and reason are opposites and can never coincide. Others, though, see the two subjects of study as collaborative instead. And just as intellectuals of our Church today support the relationship which is otherwise seen as faith and reason, so too did the intellectuals Thomas Aquinas and Bonaventure reinforce it in the thirteenth century. However, both Aquinas and Bonaventure have their own different opinions on what the true relationship between philosophy and theology is. I believe that Aquinas’s understanding of the relationship between philosophy and theology is more accurate than that of Bonaventure, specifically in terms of how both studies are defined individually and how they relate and cooperate. First, I will examine Bonaventure’s understanding of philosophy, theology, and then the relationship between the two in his perspective. When he was alive, Bonaventure wro te the treatise titled Retracing the Arts to Theology. In this treatise Bonaventure argued (in quoting the book of James) that â€Å"all learning and knowledge depend on divine illumination from Sacred Scripture† and ultimately on God, whom Bonaventure quoted as the Father of lights (Cooper 211). He believed that divine illumination from God is manifested in various rays of knowledge, which are from four specific sources (212). According to Derek Cooper, the first source of Bonaventure is the external light ofShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Philosophy And Theology1444 Words   |  6 PagesToday, philosophy and theology are contrasted by some members of society, specifically those who think that faith and reason can never coincide. Other people, though, see the two subjects of study as collaborative instead. Similar to how as intellectuals of our Church today support this relationship, the intellectuals Thomas Aquinas and Bonaventure also reinforced it in the thirtee nth century. However, both Aquinas and Bonaventure have their own (sometimes differing) opinions on what the true relationshipRead MoreThe Lifelong Goal Of Saint Thomas Aquinas1692 Words   |  7 Pagesof philosophy and theology, but at the same time show their symbiotic relationship with each other. Throughout his life Aquinas was known as a theologian but many of his works carry strong philosophical undertones as well. The beauty of theology is it can enlighten us through its leap of faith. Philosophy was required to precede theology. The truths laid down from philosophy are concrete and coherent. These philosophical truths are the shoes in which theology can walk. Without philosophy thereRead MoreChristian Philosophy Of Christian Theology935 Words   |  4 Pagesfreedom to think and act as we desire. How we approach life events can be viewed from a philosophical and/or a theological perspective. This essay will compare different approaches in Christian theology to philosop hy to see which study was more influential in our individual development. Christian theology is the study of Christian beliefs. There are four sources for this study including scripture, tradition, reasoning and experience. Scriptures are sacred writings that document historical eventsRead MoreWhat Is Theology Essay1008 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is theology? What does it explain if anything? According to the encyclopedia, it is related to the Greek Religion. In Christianity, the systematic study of the nature of God and Gods relationship with humanity and with the world. Although other religions may be said to have theologies, this is a matter of controversy within, for instance, Judaism , which holds that God is unknowable. This article will therefore confine itself to Christian theology. The development of theology in ChristendomRead MoreThe Theology Of Philosophy And Christian Theology917 Words   |  4 Pages There are four theology sources of theology that is scripture, tradition, reason and religious experience. The scripture is expounded with the context of public worship and is the subject of meditation and devotion on the part of individual Christian (McGrath, 2011). Tradition is an active process of passing on the Christian faith, rather than as a static source of revelation, independent of Scripture (McGrath, 2011). Reason is assumed an especial importance at the time of the EnlightenmentRead More what is theology Essay995 Words   |  4 Pages What is theology? What does it explain if anything? According to the encyclopedia, it is related to the Greek Religion. In Christianity, the systematic study of the nature of God and Gods relationship with humanity and with the world. Although other religions may be said to have theologies, this is a matter of controversy within, for instance, Judaism , which holds that God is unknowable. This article will therefore confine itself to Christian theology. The development of theology in ChristendomRead MoreMontaigne and Augustine1359 Words   |  6 PagesMedieval and Renaissan ce Philosophy December 12, 2005 Take-Home Final In regards to Montaigne s statement on page 23 in Apology for Raymond Sebond, I would deduce that he was using the metaphor of nature and natural tendencies in opposition to man s vain, self-seeking faà §ade that displaces God the creator. Montaigne s statement appears to (on the surface at least) value mans naturalistic tendencies and graces in a much better light than our own vain-striving presumptions that claim thatRead MoreReligious Worksheet.1034 Words   |  5 Pagesadopter of judgments identical to the divine intendment. The Qur’an serves as the primary source of information and authority for Muslims, much as the Bible does for Christians. With this in mind, evaluate Islam’s historical influences on law, philosophy, and the arts in the Muslim world. Write a 1- to 2-paragraph response for each of the following questions. Provide examples to illustrate your thinking. 1. What is the legal ideal in Islamic law? How does the Qur’an inform and guide MuslimsRead MoreIntegrative Approaches Of Psychology And Christianity1529 Words   |  7 Pagesassimilation of psychology and theology; secular and religious disciplines that present a â€Å"multifaceted dialogue shaped by historical interactions and tensions.† (p. 51) Of the two systems, psychology is by much of the Church thought to advocate reason over revelation whereas theology is, by more secular-leaning scholars, thought to be wanting of intellect. With Tertullian s libretti, â€Å"what indeed has Athens to do with Jerusalem?† (p. 8) in addition to modernism’s philosophy of self-consciousness andRead MoreTheology And Pastoral Leadership : Theology Essay1506 Words   |  7 PagesBeeley, C. A. (2009). Theology and Pastoral Leadership. Anglican Theological Review, 91(1), 11-30 Beeley makes the argument that theology lies at the center of Christian leadership. It sites early theologians from the past, later theologians in the Anglican and other traditions. The author provides the relationship between theology and practicalities of leaders work, the ministry of the word, pastoral interpretation of Scripture, and the regular study of the work of Christian leadership. He points

Capital Punishment Of The United States - 1152 Words

Rogerian Essay: Capital Punishment There has been about 15,760 executions in the United States since 1700, (http://time.com/deathpenalty/), but that is counting all types of executions, for example: burning, firing squad, hanging, gas, electrocution, injection, and others. Now looking from when the capital punishment was approved in 1976 (Death penalty Information Center), only 1,448 executions have been made. The capital punishment was made for â€Å"retribution, theory which demand for ‘tooth for a tooth and eye for an eye’ †¦ if the criminal snatches liberty, peace, and lives†¦ [they] should also be deprived of all these,† (http://listovative.com). It was also made to help have a more pure society, by placing fear, â€Å"best method to prevent†¦show more content†¦It is also believed that capital punishment is not a sufficient punishment. â€Å"Convicts should be awarded life imprisonment and should be tortured,† (http://listovative.c om). Finally, humans should be given a second chance, â€Å"Human are believed to be imperfect,† (http://listovative.com). In order to make the capital punishment fair and reasonable, the United States has to reduce crime, to do this citizens have to know the law and its punishment for breaking the law. The FBI released the annual crime for 2015 and about 1.3% of violent crimes were murder. If students are taught in school about law, for example, have a class to teach them about all the crimes and their punishments, this will help reduce crime because mostly every individual will know the consequences of them committing a crime and have no excuse. Giving this class will help reduce crime, and in this case also reduce the death penalty, but there will still be some murderers out there, yet, maybe the percent of murder will reduce and be less than 1.3% and, these murderers will be executed, and have no excuse because they were told what was going to happen if they committed m urder. Even something simpler can be done to help reduce the capital punishment, just simply respecting each other. The most common reasons for murder are: revenge, greed, hate, jealousy, political, class conflict, narcotics,Show MoreRelatedCapital Punishment : The United States928 Words   |  4 PagesAs we near the culmination of the twentieth century, capital punishment is in decline. Once a near universal practice, the death penalty has been abolished in 101 countries, as of July 2015(Amnesty International, 2015) and executions have become less common amongst industrialised democracies. Some nations keep capital statutes for instances of exceptional crimes such as treason, but parts of the former Soviet Union, Japan and the United States of America (USA) still administer death sentences forRead MoreCapital Punishment Of The United States961 Words   |  4 Pages Capital Punishment in the United States For centuries, capital punishment has been used as a consequence of capital crime. Criminals who have committed such crimes are subject to facing the death penalty. Pickens shares, â€Å"Capital crimes are considered to be treason or terrorist attacks against the government, crimes against property when life is threatened, and crimes against a person that may include murder, assault, and robberyRead MoreCapital Punishment Of The United States1495 Words   |  6 PagesCapital punishment in United States also titled as decease penalty, which is a permitted verdict in thirty one states and the American civilian and services lawful systems. Its application is restricted by the amendment of the eight to intensified killings committed by psychologically competent people. Capital punishment existed a consequence for numerous misdemeanors under English mutual regulation, and it was imposed in entire of the early US colonies preceding to the Declaration of IndependenceRead MoreCapital Pu nishment Of The United States2029 Words   |  9 Pages Capital punishment is one of the most debated topics in the history of the World. It has been implemented and repealed several times by several different countries (DPIC 2014). Capital punishment is the use of the death penalty on someone who has been found guilty of a crime. As of 2013 there are still 58 countries in the international community that still use the death penalty. Of those countries, China had the highest reported number of executions which was in the thousands, the next highest wasRead MoreEssay on Capital Punishment in the United States 598 Words   |  3 PagesAre serial criminals effectively being punished? Indeed much improvement must be done. The death penalty needs to be legal in every state. Capital punishment is the lawful infliction of death as a punishment and has been used in America since 1608. The death penalty has been mainly aimed at murder and rape perpetrators. For the past two hundred years w ith over 15,600 executions since 1608, most executions were completed though hangings; however, beginning in the 1900s new forms of execution developedRead More Capital Punishment in the United States Essay2514 Words   |  11 PagesThe death penalty is a controversial topic in the United States today and has been for a number of years. The death penalty is currently legal in 38 states and two federal jurisdictions (Winters 97). The death penalty statutes were overturned and then reinstated in the United States during the 1970s due to questions concerning its fairness (Flanders 50). The death penalty began to be reinstated slowly, but the rate of executions has increased during the 1990s (Winters103-107). There are a numberRead More The Issue of Capital Punishment in the United States Essay3455 Words   |  14 PagesDeath Valley: The Issue of Capital Punishment in the United States Should capital punishment be practiced in the United States? This question has been highly debated for many years because of the numerous, often conflicting perspectives from which various parties have attempted to answer it. These parties range from high-ranking politicians seeking to lower the national crime rate to the average United States taxpayer who does not want to see his or her money being spent inefficiently. In additionRead MoreEssay about Capital Punishment in the United States1844 Words   |  8 Pages Capitol punishment Capital Punishment The Argument Against the Death Penalty The feeling of the condemned man was indescribable, as he was minutes away from being executed by an unjust decision. The verdict of his case was guilty on the grounds of circumstantial evidence. When in all reality, he was guilty because he was black, poor and socially unacceptable. His case never stood a chance, it was over before it started. The judge and jury sentence the man to die in the electric chair. The condemnedRead More Capital Punishment in the United States Essay example2024 Words   |  9 PagesCapital punishment has been a controversial topic in association to ethics all of its existence. Issues pertaining to the execution methods, reasonability in the relationship of punishment to the crime, who receives the death penalty, and innocence have been discussed and researched in great lengths. Capital punishment is still an active form of â€Å"deterrence† in the United States for crimes considered the wo rst of the worst. In this paper I will discuss the history of the death penalty. I willRead MoreCapital Punishment Should Be Enforced Throughout The United States2182 Words   |  9 Pagesunchanging. The same can be said for death. It is for this reason that the death penalty is so effective. The death penalty, also known as â€Å"capital punishment,† is defined as â€Å"the execution, or punishment by killing, of a person who has been found guilty of a specific, and usually serious, crime† (Barber). Capital punishment should be enforced throughout the United States because it is a humane tradition that has been practiced for centuries, it deters crime, and it provides retribution and gives justice

How should parents bring up their children in morally decading time free essay sample

Definition and Obligation of Family As an individual, one may be at one and the same time a mother, a grandmother, a wife, a sister, a daughter, an aunt or a niece. Similarly, if one is a male, one may be at one and the same time a father, a grandfather, a husband, a brother, a son, an uncle or a nephew. This fact is all too obvious to everyone here. But there are many social systems in our time which care very little whether one is a wife or a husband, a mother or a father, etc. For example, in the  free  and liberal societies, where the individual is regarded as the basic unit of society, one has the freedom to do what one wants, when one wants, because one is considered  free to live one’s own life. A woman, for example, may choose to live with one or more men or even women; and a man may be a father, and not know it, and his child or children may not know who their father is. We will write a custom essay sample on How should parents bring up their children in morally decading time or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On the other hand, there are social systems where the individual counts for little, and the commune or the state takes full control. In these circumstances, the nurturing of the children becomes a social industry; health care, education and all other needs are public business; and so being a parent under this system carries few, if any, responsibilities. Maybe, there is much to gain from material comfort, but the love and warmth are missing from the equation. The human being is devalued and natural bonds and needs are stifled or destroyed. The basic unit of society cannot be the individual or the commune. Both these systems are unworkable and produce much personal stress and distress for everyone, especially the women and children. They also tend to produce society’s disorders in the form of crime and delinquency. In Islam, on the other hand, one is not allowed to be just an individual, who is free to do whatever one wants, whenever one wants. Any system which attempts to make the individual the basic unit of society and gives him total freedom, does not take into account natural bonds and natural needs. The Holy Quran says: And We have enjoined on man the doing of good to his parents. His mother bears him with trouble and brings him forth in pain. And the bearing of him and the weaning of him is thirty months. Till when he attains his maturity and reaches forty years, he says; My Lord, grant me that I may give thanks for Thy favour, which Thou hast bestowed on me, and on my parents, and that I may do good which pleases Thee; and be good to me in respect of my offspring. Truly I turn to Thee, and truly I am of those who submit  (46:15). The most natural unit of society is the family. Many are the laws of Islam which are geared towards preserving the institution of the family and the web of relationships within the family. Because, if one wants to preserve the family, and the identity and proper upbringing of the children are to be safeguarded, then adultery and fornication must be severely punished. And go not near to fornication, surely it is an obscenity and evil is the way  (17:32). In Islam, there are three factors which keep the family together: 1. Kinship or blood ties Marital commitments 3. Faith (Din) Kinship or blood relationships are the strongest natural ties. There is no substitute for a mother’s love for her child, and in return, a child’s devotion and gratitude to loving and caring parents. It is precisely because of the importance and strength of these relationships that the Holy Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh) said: He is  not  of me who severs or breaks the ties of kinship. He also went on to say: No sin is more swiftly punished than oppression, and the breaking of family ties. Marital commitments also keep the family together, for Islam recognises no more wholesome framework for sexual relations and the fostering and nurturing of children than in a lawful marriage. Private consent to sexual intimacy, common-law associations or living together, and trial marriages or temporary unions, do not constitute a family in the Islamic sense. Faith is the third factor in maintaining strong family ties; that is, full commitment to Islam. If all members of a family are Muslims, there is more likely to be greater harmony, and common interest and good, than if family members go their separate ways, and have different faiths. In some cases, faith supersedes marital commitment and kinship. A person is required to love and treat his parents with the utmost respect and consideration, even if they are not Muslims. But he is not required to obey those parents if they ask him to disobey the laws of God or not to believe in the One True God (Allah). In fact, one can find oneself combating one’s own parents or children if they strongly seek to oppose or even undermine Islam and the interest of Muslims. There are many well-known examples of this in Islamic history. The Prophet Noah was unable to save his disobedient son at the time of the flood; there is the case of the Prophet Abraham and his idolatrous father; the Prophet Lot and his immoral wife; and in the time of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh), the story of many of his Companions (rta) who were pitted against a father, a mother, or even a son. And We have enjoined on man goodness to his parents. But if they contend with thee to associate others with Me, of which you have no knowledge, obey them not. To Me is your return, so I will inform you of what you did  (29:8). The Islamic family is extended to include grandparents, grandchildren, uncles, aunts, and their progeny. These relationships are cemented by laws such as the law of dependence and the law of inheritance. By preserving the extended family, the natural and continuous link between generations is preserved, and the new generations learn about their culture and habits and the religion of Islam and its values with much more comfort and ease. There is the likelihood of greater warmth and richness in a caring and sharing atmosphere, when members of the household act as companions and playmates to one another; thus it should be much easier to deal with many of the problems that life has to offer. Loneliness, egotism and individualism are thus banished. The extended family also functions in different ways. Mothers can attend to duties outside the home, others can get on better with their vocational goals, whilst the children can be looked after by their grandparents. This mutual help can achieve beauty and harmony in the household. But, of course, this is not always possible because of individual weaknesses and pettiness and some unnatural behaviour. Parents have the obligation to cherish and sustain their children, as well as to educate and train them. Even before a child is conceived, parental responsibilities begin. When a couple intend to marry and have children, their choice of each other may depend on wealth, or beauty, or lineage or even  taqwa. The last choice of quality is the most important, says the Holy Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh). Parents’ responsibilities therefore begin with the wholesome beliefs, attitudes and good conduct of each partner in a marriage. A couple in their most intimate moments are advised by the Holy Prophet (Pbuh) to pray for offspring who are noble and righteous. Before and after conception, the mother in particular should ensure that her lifestyle is an Islamic one. Her physical state could affect the unborn foetus. She should ensure that no harmful drugs are taken and of course as a Muslim, she should abstain from drinking alcohol, smoking and taking hard drugs such as cocaine. In brief, she should provide a suitable, stable and welcoming environment for her child’s first home. When the child is born, the mother’s role is of great importance, for she faces one of the most challenging responsibilities in life, particularly when the child is under the age of two years. For this is the time, according to the Quran, when the child is weaned, and when the mother has to give comfort and education. Pay no attention to those who insist that society must look after all children, who seek to abolish the family structure, and take all women into the field of public activity in the name of the liberation of women. Here is a quotation from a book entitled  Islam between East and West, by Alija Ali Izethgovic, a Yogoslav writer: Modern civilisation has disgraced motherhood in particular. It has preferred the calling of a salesgirl, model, teacher of other people’s children, secretary, cleaning woman and so on, to that of a mother. It has proclaimed motherhood to be slavery and promised to free woman from it. They remind us of artificial births and artificial deaths. Both are opposed to the family and are the result of the changed role of woman in human life. Their common feature is the elimination of parental relationships; in a nursery, children are without parents; in homes for the aged, parents are without children. Of course, a father too has a great share in the process of  tarbiyyat[upbringing] of the child. Tarbiyyat  implies a certain sensitivity towards the child under his care, the emotional and physical needs and capacities of the child. It implies the ability to inspire confidence. It implies the courage to allow and promote creativity and innovation. It also means to trust and not to stifle, to be firm when needed and even to impose sanctions when necessary. The primary responsibility for this process of  tarbiyyat  rests with both parents. The crucial role of both parents in the formative years of the child’s education and development is emphasised by the Holy Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh) when he says: Every child is born in the natural state of goodness. It is his parents who make him a Jew, a Christian or a Magian. In the complex web of relationships fostered by Islam, not only parents, but grandparents, uncles and aunts, sisters and brothers, teachers and neighbours, all have an important role in the nurturing of the new generations. As a grandparent, through experiences gained in life, one can derive from and provide great enjoyment to children, while giving much needed relief to parents under stress. On this point, one has a good example of the Holy Prophet in his care of his daughter, Fatimah, and his love and affection for Hassan and Hussain, his two grandchildren: A man named Al-Aqra ibn Habis paid a visit to the Holy Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh) and was surprised to see him playing with and kissing his two grandsons, Hassan and Hussain. Al-Aqra asked the Prophet: ‘Do you kiss your children? He then related that he had ten children and had never kissed even one of them. The Holy Prophet replied: ‘That shows you have no mercy and tenderness at all. Those who do not show mercy to others will not have God’s mercy shown on them’ Bukhari (Ch. 8). It is very sad that many children are denied the benefits of not having a grandparent to cherish and dote on them. The trend towards nuclear families is a trend for the impoverishment of children. Allah says in the Holy Quran: And thy Lord has decreed that you serve none but Him, and do good to parents. If either or both of them reach old age with you, say not  Fie  to them, nor chide them and speak to them a generous word  (17:23). While parents are naturally loving and kind to children, children often disobey and disregard their parents. If is for this reason, and because of the enormous debt that children owe to their parents, that the Quran has made it compulsory on the child to treat his parents with total goodness and mercy. However, on the other hand, it has not placed a similar obligation on parents. It is thus a compulsory duty on every adult Muslim to show goodness and mercy and act righteously to his parents throughout their lives. This even applies to those parents who are not Muslims. Excluded are parents who promote  shirk  or ask children to associate anything with Allah; or ask them to commit any act which involves the disobedience of Allah and His laws. Only in such cases must children disobey their parents. The duty of a child, however old, to parents is to show love and gratitude to them; to speak to them with kindness, to strive to please them and make them happy, and to look after their needs when they become old and cannot look after themselves. One of the benefits of being good and kind to parents is that  goodness and kindness are passed on from one generation to the next. For the Holy Prophet said: Be kind and good to your parents and your children will be kind and good to you. A person should be kind to his mother in particular, and show gratitude to her for all the agonies she experienced, and for nurturing him till he can cope on his own. This is why the Holy Prophet (pbuh) said: Paradis e lies at the feet of mothers. A  hadithby Abu Dawood says: Someone asked the Holy Prophet to whom he should show kindness. The prophet replied, ‘Your mother. ’ The man asked who came next, and the Prophet replied again, ‘Your mother. Again, the question was asked and the same reply was given. He again asked who came next and then the reply was, ‘Your father, then your relatives in order of relationship. ’ We have seen how the family in Islam is welded together by ties of kinship. It is also held together and extended by marital ties and permitted relationships, but over and above this, is the enrichment of family life by positive attitudes through Islamic values and practices. The Islamic values of faith, love, compassion, cleanliness and beauty all need to be nurtured in the home. Briefly, the ideal Muslim home would need to be: 1. Simple and not ostentatious, for the Holy Prophet said: Eat, drink, give  sadaqah  (charity) and wear good clothes as long as these things do not involve excess and arrogance. 2. Clean, for the Noble Prophet said: Cleanliness is part of faith. 3. Free from statues or revolting pieces of art, for the Holy Prophet said, God is beautiful and loves beauty. 4. A place where there are the basic necessities of food and clothing; where meals are eaten together, and where there is hospitality and generosity.

Quantitative Methods and Analysis

Abstract This research report discusses about the impact of age, department, tenure, gender and position on the samples drawn. The gender disparity and its impact on the job satisfaction, how male and female get satisfied with their job. This particular issue was deemed relevant due to its depth and impact on virtually all aspects of an organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Quantitative Methods and Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction A survey was conducted to determine the influence of gender, position, age, department and tenure on job satisfaction. The survey consisted of similar questions on job satisfaction with response options. The participant answered by selecting a value on a seven-point scale. The answers are marked and merged, through a excel, into a personality profile which represents how strongly each of the basic desires features. This was handled anonymously. The results are presented in an easy to use graphics along with a comprehensive assessment report. The scales were formed by adding the values of the individual questions of the scales by giving equal weight to each question. All categorical items on workload and strain were transformed on a value range from 1 (least satisfied) to 7 (most satisfied). In this case, the questions had seven response options with value of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. The scale value is computed as the simple average. Answer refusals or participants that answered less than half of the questions are considered missing. For the participants that answered at least half, the scale value was computed as the average of the answered questions. Chosen Variables The variables chosen were gender for qualitative variable and Extrinsic for your quantitative variable. Difference in variable types A qualitative variable sometimes-called predictor variable. It is varied and manipulated by a researcher. It is referred to as presumed cau se of an event.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It determines the value of other variables. It is manipulated to create an effect on other variable (Bhattacharya and Johnson, 1997).). Quantitative variables are the variables, which a researcher/experimenter measures after altering other variables which affect quantitative variable (Wierenga Bruggen, 1998). This case is sufficient to understand the significance of both the quantitative and qualitative variables in a quantitative research methodology. The values of qualitative variables are derived from quantitative variables which can be altered further by variation the values of quantitative variables(Healy, 2009). Qualitative variable is considered as presumed cause of an event where as a quantitative variable is considered as the presumed effect of an event. The major difference between an qualitative and a quantitative v ariable is that quantitative values of qualitative variable can be altered by changing the values of the qualitative variable. It means that the values of qualitative variable are constant while those of quantitative variables are prior to changes (Babbie, 2009). Descriptive statistics: Qualitative variable Gender Mean 1.361111111 Standard Error 0.057003815 Median 1 Mode 1 Standard Deviation 0.483693406 Sample Variance 0.233959311 Kurtosis -1.699079748 Skewness 0.590692951 Range 1 Minimum 1 Maximum 2 Sum 98 Count 72 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1.00 46 63.9 63.9 63.9 2.00 26 36.1 36.1 100.0 Total 72 100.0 100.0 Explanation of descriptive statistics From the table above, it could be suggested that the standard deviations are close to the mean value of the variable. The reason for using gender is that on two options either 1 of two. The standard deviations are 0.4837 on either side of the mean. Furthermor e, by observing the values of the variable collected 72 participants it could be concluded that the data is normally distributed as majority of the values lie within two standard deviations of the mean value. This is further proved by comparing the mean, median and mode values obtained in the table. The mode and mode are 1. Descriptive statistics: Quantitative variableAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Quantitative Methods and Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Extrinsic Mean 5.447222222 Standard Error 0.050659663 Median 5.6 Mode 5.7 Standard Deviation 0.429861498 Sample Variance 0.184780908 Kurtosis 1.424527887 Skewness -0.910864474 Range 2.2 Minimum 4.6 Maximum 6.8 Sum 392.2 Count 72 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 4.60 13 18.1 18.1 18.1 5.50 14 19.4 19.4 37.5 5.60 22 30.6 30.6 68.1 5.70 22 30.6 30.6 98.6 6.80 1 1.4 1.4 100.0 Total 72 100.0 100.0 Explanation of descriptive statistics Table above showed that statistical data derived using the excel program. Based on the statistical data, the mean was 5.45 with a standard deviation value of 0.4299. From this table, it could be inferred that mean, median and mode values are very close to each other, which is supportive of the normal distribution of data. The table presents an approximate normal distribution and showed homogeneity of variance. If these amounts were arranged on a graph, the frequency distribution would reflect the process variability. The values would be clustered close to the process average, but some of the values would vary somewhat from the mean. They too would have a distribution of values. Chart/Graph for qualitative variable Description of Chart Looking at the gender of the respondents it indicates that 26 were females and 46 were males this represents 36% and 64% of females and males respectively. Chart/Graph for quantitative variable Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Description of Chart The chart shows that 5.6 and 5.7 scales had 22 respondents each while 4.6 and 5.5 had 14 and 13 respectively, only one had 6.8 score. Explanation of standard deviation and variance Standard deviation is the variations from the mean while variance square of the standard deviations. The standard deviation shows that the data has a greatest deviation from the mean. What it means that the mean is widely dispersed that’s why it has a larger standard deviation. This reflects the averaging that occurs in computing the sample means: high and low values in samples tend to offset each other, resulting in less variability among sample means than among individuals’ values. Note that both distributions have the same mean; the mean of the sampling distribution is exactly equal to the mean of the process. Finally, note that the sampling distribution is normal distribution, even if the process distribution isn’t normal. The central limit theorem provides th e basis for the assumption that the sampling distribution will be normal or at least approximately normal, even if the population is not. The normal distribution can be used to help judge whether a process is performing adequately. If the output reflects only random variability, one would conclude that the process is stable. However, if there were evidence of nonrandom variability, one would conclude that the process is unstable. Importance of charts and graphs In a charts and graph shows how the variable are distributed. They are pictorial representation of the results of the company. The finding through the diagram is further reinforced by the value of the tables between the variables under consideration. Conclusion From the results analysis above, it can be concluded most people interviewed are satisfied. The present study also dissuades any conception about the differences between male and female in job satisfaction. The study treats both genders at par. However, there are tradi tional arguments suggesting that males tend to be more aggressive and dominating, and demanding as well as have stakes in major decision-making processes. Whereas, females behave in a submissive manner and do not have bargaining power comparing to male counterparts. These are not considered and invalidated as out of scope for this particular study. References Babbie, E. R. (2009). The basics of Social Research. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Bhattacharya, G., Johnson, R. (1997). Statistical Concepts and Methods. New York: John Wley Sons. Healy, J. F. (2009). Statics: A Tool for Social Research. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Wierenga, B., Bruggen, G. V. (1998). The Dependent Variable In Research Into Effects of Creativity Support System: Quality and Quantity of Ideas. M I S Quarterly , 81-87. This essay on Quantitative Methods and Analysis was written and submitted by user Charlie Wolfe to help you with your own studies. 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