The main aim and focus in psychodynamic psychotherapy

The main aim and focus in psychodynamic psychotherapy The main focus of psychodynamic psychotherapy is to help individuals make sense of current problems and view how their past has/might/will/ have affected the current situation that would have brought them to counseling. Psychodynamic views the person as a whole thus mind, body, soul in order to recognize the relationships between these dimensions which make up the person. These internal relationships are dynamic, always changing as they form an individual. Psychodynamic psychotherapy helps review experiences and feelings that can only be understood in relation to a clients past. This is inturn helps reflects possibilities which might have led to the current problem or situations and hence counselor and client will explore the unconscious into the conscious mind. In psychodynamic psychotherapy there is the topographic viewpoint, which refers to the layering of mental processes into conscious, preconscious and unconscious. Freuds topographical model represents his configuration of the mind. According to Freud, there are three levels of consciousness, conscious this is the part of the mind that holds what one is aware of, people can visualize about their conscious experience and can think about it in a logical fashion. While the preconscious level is the ordinary memory meaning to say things stored here are in the conscious, they can be readily brought into conscious. Freud felt that this part of the mind was not directly accessible to aw areness. In part, he saw it as a damping place for feelings and ideas  that are tied to depression anxiety, conflict and pain and if not dealt with will lead to cases of suicidal thoughts. These feelings and thoughts if not dealt with and according to Freud, they are the exerting influence on our actions and our conscious awareness (Messer 1995). Psychodynamic psychotherapy goes in depth of every detail presented in the therapy whether its past or present situation as the main aim is to view how the past might have affected the present. Psychoanalytic concepts explain human growth and development, and the nature of psychological problems. Psychodynamic counseling uses the therapeutic relationship to gain insight into unconscious relationship patterns that evolved since early stage of life, memories and other evidence of early relationships are used to make sense of current problems. The process of change occurs as clients become more aware of the effects of the unconscious, including defense mechanisms that influence negative behavior, and hence more able to control their actions and responses in the future. Existential approach sees humans as being able to change and transform a negative lifestyle to a positive, living and meeting the conditions of worth meaning clients live a life that Rogers explained to be conditions of worth that are threatening to the self ( Barret-Lennard,1998, p.101) .Meaning to say the individual can no longer live as unified whole life as this is further explained to mean one might be deserting themselves from the way of a positive lifestyle they once lived. The existential approach is all about exploring meaning and value and learning to live authentically meaning living in accordance with ones priorities and values. The existential approach hold that the human being struggle is with the givens of existence that is death, isolation, freedom and meaninglessness.People often ignore these existential givens, until life events increase the sensibilities (Corey, 2005, p.174) According to Yalom, these four existential realities are the root of most psychological problems . While other existentialists may be more optimistic about the ability of people to find answers to these questions, it is generally agreed that these four issues are central to the human experience. That is why Existential counseling seek to empower the client through self actualisation working with the here,now and the futurenot including the past (Blackham, 1975, p.114). The approach is mainly person centered as it views the client as their own best authority on their own experience, and it views the client as being fully capable of fulfilling their own potential for growth. It recognizes, however, that achieving potential requires favourable conditions and that under adverse conditions, individuals may well not grow and develop in the ways that they otherwise could. People commonly become aware of their desire for counselling when there is some internal or external disturbance in the homeostasis of their lives, the hormonal imbalances of adolescence often coincides with emotional storms which bring them to a counsellor (Clarkson, 1999,p 41 ) People seek counseling for a variety of reasons that include but are not limited to the following sadness, anxiety, relationship problems ,loss of work, persistent feelings of isolation and loneliness, or even aiming or needing motivatition to be more successful in life,work or relationships. (Prochaska Norcross, 2003) Wexler, 1974 viewed therapy as a process of expanding consciousness and bringing about more effective information that would occur in the context of genuine empathic relationship characterized by positive regard.   Existential therapy seeks to help clients live with freedom and to remove the limitations that are self-imposed.   By challenging clients about rigid beliefs and thought patterns, therapists work to provide an environment where individuals are safe to consider their belief systems and adopt new views.   Therapists focus on current life situations the client is dealing with rather than resolving past issues.   Through this focus on the here and now, individuals address their beliefs and look at enjoying life more fully and with more appreciation . Sessions of psychodynamic psychotherapy have greater frequency to allow for more in-depth treatment. The duration of individual sessions varies, It is not usually possible at the start of treatment to estimate the number of sessions that will be necessary in order to achieve the persons goals. It is possible, however, for the person to make arrangements for a specific number of sessions. Psychodynamic psychotherapy and existensial humanistic counseling operates the same way in the counseling room.They all begins with a period of evaluation during which the client discusses with the therapist the reasons for seeking treatment. This process gives the therapist the opportunity to learn about the person, to develop an understanding of his or her troubles, and to formulate ideas about how treatment should proceed. This phase of interviewing and learning may take place in one session or over a series of sessions; or it may be done in a less structured manner, depending on the therapists style. At some point within the first few sessions, the therapist and the individual will come to a mutual understanding of the goals for treatment. The two methods of counseling only defer with what has to be discussed in the treatment room meaning to say psychodynamic goes deeper into exploring a clients past of which existential only deals with current problems and focus on way forward. By allowing the client to communicate ,the counselor encourage self exploration on the clients part and also allowing the client to hear themselves speak and becoming familiar with their own thoughts and feelings that the client may have not realized had the opportunity to see (Meier Davis 2005 ). When the thoughts and feelings are taken back inside the projecting person from the other person, they may be better able to handle them as they also bring back something of the other person and the way they appeared ( Meir Davis 2005) bringing to attention that treatment will be focusing primarily on the insight of past present and future helping to make the unconscious conflict become conscious. session, the therapist is trying to judge, how much you are in touch with your own feelings, what feelings you are not aware of, how close are you to knowing the unconscious feelings, how painful these feelings are to you, and how well you can tolerate the pain that becoming aware of these feelings will bring. In the book Systems of psychotherapy, Rogers emphasizes the importance of communication as a genuine sense of empathy so that clients will experience a deeper understanding and acceptance of what they will be going through (Prochaska Norcross, 2003, p.89). As according to Prochaska some experiences are distorted or denied, there is incongruence between what is being experienced and what is symbolised as part of a persons self concept. According to Prochaska, an individual have an experimental world, in order to understand a clients action a counsellor who use both existential humanistic and psychodynamic counselling therapy place himself in the internal framework of a client (Prochaska Norcross, 2003, p.141). Wexler, 1974 viewed therapy as a process of expanding consciousness and bringing about more effective information that would occur in the context of genuine empathic relationship characterized by positive regard. A client whose counsellor might not want to use psychodynamic therapy (that is talk about past experiences in depth) may feel that the counsellor does not want to touch on certain issues of his/ her life . The therapeutic relationship in contemporary psychodynamic counselling is based on acceptance, empathy and understanding, with an emphasis on developing a good working alliance that fosters trusts. The counselor takes account of the real world of the client, including the impact of trauma, cultural difference, sexual orientation, disability and social context. The insight and understanding about human functions gained from psychoanalytic theory, can enhance the life of the counselor as well as the client, and can be put to a variety of good uses. The most defining strength of psychodynamic theory is the appreciation of the unconscious, Freud attempted to provide a means of understanding the unconscious world as it tends to review and work closely with the present situations/ probles being explained by client (conscious) . At the same time some clients might not feel comfortable to discuss their past or explore themselves and their feelings might work well with existensial counselors . existential humanistic counseling core condition of unconditional positive regard means the client is free to explore all thoughts and feelings, positive or negative, without danger of rejection or condemnation which leads to empathic understanding of clients thoughts, feelings, from the clients own perspective. Unlike in psychodynamic counseling where the counselor takes the journey to the clients past and try to match their current problems with their past. Existential therapy in a way makes the client grow in their own way unlike psychodynamic that tries to match personalities traits of clients generation to what they will be going through in the present time. However in psychodynamic therapy by getting deeper with clients past the counselor will know more information, behaviour, character and self defenses of a client. In doing so it helps strengthen their relationship as the client feels more comfortable to explore more issues in their past life and this will in turn might stren gthen the relationship of them .Psychodynamic psychotherapy is a form of depth therapy because its aim is to reveal or try to make sense of the unconscious to become conscious. The goals of psychodynamic psychotherapy vary therapy seeks to relieve a client through the development of insight, or the slowly developing awareness of feelings and thoughts that were once outside of the persons awareness through guidance from a therapist, the adult becomes aware of present ways of coping that are ineffective and how they served a purpose in childhood that is no longer relevant. The person learns that he or she now has a range of new options for solving problems, and for living in general that are now based on his or her maturity and independence.

Atomic Bombing on Japan Essay

On the morning of August 6th, 1945 at around 8:16 a. m. , the United States dropped the first bomb on Hiroshima. This bomb was given the nickname â€Å"Little Boy. † Three days after the first atomic bomb was dropped, on August 9th, 1945 at around 11:02 a. m. , the United States dropped a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki. This bomb was given the nickname â€Å"Fat Man. † These two bombs immensely destroyed these cities and took the lives of many people. There was an estimated 200,000 lives taken in the atomic bombing on Japan. The war on the Pacific had been going on for over four years before the atomic bombing occurred. There were two big battles that could have led to the United State’s decision of dropping the atomic bomb, the Iwo Jima and Okinawa. In these two battles there was an astounding amount of deaths taken in these battles from both sides. While both sides of the Japanese and American soldiers fought vigorously taking the many lives of one another, the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima was a military necessity for the United States. The reason why the dropping of the atomic bomb was a military necessity is because there was nothing else to force Japan to surrender. President Harry S. Truman asked the Japanese to surrender on August 3rd, 1945 or face devastation, but the Japanese failed to meet the deadline. Truman ordered the air force to use the new atomic weapons against Japan. Some argued that if we would had waited a few more weeks, Japan would have surrendered. Others argued that there was no other way to persuade the Japanese to surrender but the atomic bombing. Truman said this was a simple military mission. He said a weapon was available to quickly end the war so he sees no reason not to use it. The alternative to dropping the atomic bomb was a ground invasion in Japan, which would have caused heavy losses to our American troops. From my perspective, I believe that the atomic bombing of Hiroshima was necessary for the preservation and security of our nation. At the time of this incident, the United States was involved in World War II serving as part of the Allied Powers. Therefore, on the morning of December 7th, 1941, the Japanese decided to implement surprised attacks on Pearl Harbor. Pearl Harbor was a US Navy base located in Hawaii. The United States was not expecting these attacks at all. I feel that the attack on Hiroshima was retaliation for the attacks on Pearl Harbor. Although we may have gone a little over board, it had to be done to establish that the US was not a nation to be messed with. The Japanese’s opportunity to fight back was over after the first atomic bomb was discharged because the navy was taken out, the inability to import food and the lack of industrial supplies. In addition the second atomic bomb was dropped to seal the victory over Japan. Although both Japan and the United States suffered great losses from the altercations, Japan was left with much more trauma. The first atomic bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima immediately killed an estimated amount of 66,000 people out of a population of 255,000. The second bomb that was dropped on Nagasaki instantly killed about 35,000 people. However, a numerous amount of soldiers and citizens of Japan did not immediately die. These bombings lead to an awful amount of physical effects that dismembered the country of Japan for many years. Many individuals of Japan either died or suffered from radiation burns, cancer, leukemia, and many other physical disorders. Research shows that radiation increases the long-term risks of cancer. At the time of the bombing, many pregnant women gave birth to children with congenital malformations because of the contact with radiation. After the bombing, there were said to be 6,500 orphans in the city of Hiroshima. Despite the many people that were killed in the bombings, Americans saved many lives on both sides by not invading Japan. The city of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was essentially wiped out by the two atomic bombs. The bombs fiercely took out anything in its path. Not one thing or person within 800 meters of the bomb’s blast survived. Only parts of two buildings were standing after the bomb at the explosion site. The survivors in Japan had to clean up over 11. 5 square kilometers of debris and dead bodies after the bombing. This process took Japan four years to clear up. The bombings also cost Hiroshima $2 billion in damage. There were an estimated 60,000 to 90,000 buildings destroyed by the atomic bombing in Hiroshima. And an additional 14,000 buildings destroyed in Nagasaki. To conclude, the atomic bomb dropped on Japan by the United States was indeed a military necessity. The position of the United States at the time left our country with no other choice but to establish superiority; we needed to end the war. There was little sympathy for an enemy who had stimulated the fight and had behaved the way Japan had. Also, Japan’s surprise attacks on Pearl Harbor had left many Americans pleading for revenge. The atomic bomb did just that, wiping out almost entirely two cities in Japan, Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Although much tragedy and trauma had resulted from the attacks of both countries, the sacrifices were necessary and appropriate.

What do we learn, and what can we infer about Hatsue and Ishmael’s relationship from chapters 7 and 8?

Hatsue and Ishmael's childhood relationship emerges at the beginning of chapter eight, with them both on an empty beach at the age of fourteen digging for geoducks, and swimming in the sea. When they find their first geoduck, it appears to me like a films stereotypical dig, with one person, Hatsue, caring about the animal its size, and its condition â€Å"He'll break if we start pulling. Lets be patient†¦ † â€Å"Easy is the way. Don't hurry it. Slow is best. † With the other person wanting to dig it out straight away, only caring what they get out of it â€Å"My turn to dig. â€Å"Lets pull it now. † This I think is the first comparison of the difference, a metaphor, of Hatsue and Ishmael's personalities. I see this as how they will treat their relationship to come. This can be seen as how men and women see relationships as general. Ishmael wanting to dig straight away and pull at the goal as soon as it is seen not caring if it breaks, and Hatsue wanting to be patient dig away at the foundations to reach a better goal, not just for the short term. Then in the conversation they have on the oceans, the roles, to me, have been reversed, Ishmael seeing the oceans as one big ocean with different areas, and Hatsue seeing the oceans as not just different areas but as different temperatures, colour, and amounts of salt. Ishmael says you cannot tell a change when you cross them, Hatsue knows they are different colours and should be considered different because of this. Hatsue's views on the oceans and her personality as a young Japanese woman arises from her lessons from Mrs. Shigemura in how to take care of her skin, how to sing, stand, sit, and walk. In the lessons I think Mrs. Shigemura blinds Hatsue of racial equality, Japanese for Japanese, not to mix with Americans. This is only because Mrs. Shigemura and/or her relatives would have been treated as lower to Americans, which we see in the first four pages of chapter seven. The Japanese people labelled as Jap1, Old Jap Sam. Even in the Island County Historical Archives it is said that â€Å"Jap number 107 lost his hand to a ripping blade on March 12th and received injury payment of $7. 0. † The fact that a county historical book refers to the Japanese as numbers, and compensation for loss of hand is seventy-one hours work at their eleven cents an hour. From the jobs like sweeping sawdust, or oiling machines, you can understand why the Japanese must stay together and treat others differently. Others like Ishmael. â€Å"He had known her for six years and he had not known her. The detached part of her. † This statement refers to the fact that Hatsue would not be seen in public with Ishmael. Never to talk to each other in school, only in the secluded woods and beech where no one would see them or on the berry fields where no one would care. Even if Hatsue did not understand this at first she still follows the unwritten laws, not through choice but respect of what her family and what Mrs. Shigemura tells her â€Å"stay away from white men. † â€Å"Marry a boy of your own kind whose heart is strong and good. † She does however have a mind of her own and follows what she wants by meeting Ishmael alone, I think this is not because she is scared of what others think of her, but what others will think of her family. Ishmael cannot see this in Hatsue and is afraid to talk of it in case he scares her off, but his love for her has these short outbursts which I think he cannot control but he must follow and kiss Hatsue. She does not push away from the kiss, she even prolongs the moment â€Å"She pushes back against him. † Then when she comes back to her senses, jumps up and runs off. This uncontrolled feeling Ishmael has towards Hatsue then reveals itself again four days after that kiss. He spies on Hatsue's house wishing to see her, his love overpowering his other feelings of boredom for long enough to see her To his surprise no boredom overtook him and so he stayed for an hour more. It was a kind of relief to rest his cheek on the earth underneath the stars and to have some hope of seeing Hatsue. † This short glimpse of Hatsue taking in the washing forced him to return the next five nights though he did not want to â€Å"†¦ his walk would become a pilgrimage, he would feel guilt and shame. † Only to see her twice more once taking the washing in, another throwing out the kitchen scraps. This stopped the night her father emerged from his house. They then are caught in a storm while both working picking on the same field. Ishmael follows Hatsue to a hole in the roots of a cedar tree thinking he cannot be seen, but Hatsue turns round and plainly invites him in. giving the impression she knew he was following her but never said anything. They talk about their last kiss Ishmael tries to make the peace exclaiming the kiss as wrong, and that he was sorry. Hatsue is embarrassed more than ashamed and not sorry, Ishmael soon jumps to copy what Hatsue wants. They talk for half an hour and then kissed for even longer. Leaving Ishmael at the happiest moment of his life, for now.

Cultural The Czech Republic Understanding Cultural...

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Brief Discussion of Czech’s Beer History Indeed, Czech has a long history of beer brewing estimated at more than a thousand years. Earliest evidence of a brewery in Czech was discovered a few years ago by historians and it is now nearly certain that it was founded in 993 at Brevnov Monastery in Prague. However, before the confirmation of that date, reference to brewing in Czech was thought to be in 1088 when the use of hops for brewing was first mentioned by Vratislav II. It is also worth noting that much of the early beer was brewed usingShow MoreRelatedGlobalization and It Effects on Cultural Integration: the Case of the Czech Republic.27217 Words   |  109 PagesGLOBALIZATION AND IT EFFECTS ON CULTURAL INTEGRATION: THE CASE OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC. INTRODUCTION I. AN OVERVIEW. With the growing standards of the world and the existing concepts and complexities in political, economic and socio-cultural ideologies, man has always and continuously pondered over the aspects of his nature. 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